Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research

Evaluasi Perubahan Kadar Asam Kojat dalam Krim Pencerah Wajah pada Variasi Suhu dan Waktu Penyimpanan Menggunakan Spektrofotometri Visibel

Rafika Nur Hidayani, Dedi Hanwar — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 18:11:37 +0700

Kojic acid is one of the active ingredients commonly used in skin-lightening creams. This compound tends to be unstable at high temperatures, which can reduce its effectiveness. Indonesia’s tropical climate and high average temperatures exacerbate the risk of quality degradation. This study aims to analyze the effects of varying storage temperatures (4°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and storage time (Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28) on the decrease in kojic acid content in facial brightening creams, as well as to validate the visible spectrophotometric analysis method using FeCl₃ reagent based on linearity, accuracy, and precision parameters. Based on the validation parameters, the coefficient of determination (r²) for linearity was 0,9986, % recovery was 98,62%, and total %RSD was 3,91%. The results of the concentration determination tests showed a decrease in kojic acid levels during 28 days of storage under all temperature conditions (4°C, 25°C, 30°C). There was a significant difference in kojic acid levels among storage temperatures (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.003). The Dunn-Bonferroni test showed that 4°C differed significantly from 25°C and 30°C (p < 0.05), but not between 25°C and 30°C (p > 0.05). The Friedman test also showed a significant effect of time on the concentration at all three temperatures (p < 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that the higher the storage temperature and the longer the storage time, the greater the decrease in kojic acid content in the cream. These findings indicate that storage conditions can affect the quality of the active ingredient during product use by consumers; therefore, storage at a low temperature (4°C) is recommended to help maintain kojic acid levels in the cream formulation. Furthermore, the analytical method used met validation criteria, ensuring that the results obtained are scientifically reliable.

Formulasi dan Uji Antibakteri Sediaan Pasta Gigi Ekstrak Parijoto (Medinilla Speciosa) dengan Eggshell Hydroxyapatite (EHA)

Zaki Syariifuddin Taqiy, Teguh Imanto — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Dental caries is one of the dental and oral health problems related to the activity of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. The use of fluoride as an active ingredient in toothpaste has several limitations, so the development of natural-based alternative ingredients is one approach that needs to be studied. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the physical stability and antibacterial activity of a toothpaste preparation combining parijoto fruit extract (Medinilla speciosa) and Eggshell Hydroxyapatite (EHA). The study was conducted experimentally using four formulas, namely F0 (without parijoto extract), F1 (10% parijoto extract), F2 (12.5% parijoto extract), and F3 (15% parijoto extract). Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic tests, phytochemical screening, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, foam height, and antibacterial activity tests using the well diffusion method against S. aureus and S. mutans bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening showed that parijoto fruit extract contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the viscosity test in F0, F1, F2, and F3 were 14070 cps ± 809.03, 46600 cps ± 866.54, 43090 cps ± 3136.61, and 41910 cps ± 2200.27, respectively. Variations in extract concentration significantly affect viscosity with viscosity statistics results (p <0.05). pH test results F0: 7.87 ± 0.5918, F1: 7.44 ± 0.3241, F2: 7.33 ± 0.4082, F3: 7.40 ± 0.1625, Foam height F0: 1.56 cm ± 0.40415, F1: 2.06 cm ± 0.05774, F2: 2.13 cm ± 0.11547, F3: 1.93 cm ± 0.11547. The results of the antibacterial test of Staphylococcus aureus showed an inhibitory value of F0 (negative control) of 1.66 cm ± 0.24664, positive control 1.63 cm ± 0.14433, F1 (10% extract) 1.60 cm ± 0.08660, F2 (12.5% extract) 1.83 cm ± 0.32145, F3 (15% extract) 1.70 cm ± 0.05. The comparison between groups did not have a significant value (p > 0.05). The results of the antibacterial test of Streptococcus mutans F0 (negative control) 1.53 cm ± 0.02886, positive control 1.66 cm ± 0.24664, F1 (10% extract) 1.45 cm ± 0.05, F2 (12.5% extract) 1.48 cm ± 0.10408, F3 (15% extract) 1.50 cm ± 0.05. The comparison between groups was not significant (p>0.05). Based on the results of the study, the combination of parijoto fruit extract and EHA can be formulated into a toothpaste preparation with good physical characteristics, but increasing the concentration of parijoto extract has not shown a significant effect on antibacterial activity compared to the control formula.

Optimasi Durasi Fiksasi Alkohol 96% sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Pap Smear pada Fasilitas Kesehatan dengan Sumber Daya Terbatas

Nurhilaliyah Nurhilaliyah, Wiwin Marsenda, Ka'bah Ka'bah — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 09:01:23 +0700

Cervical cancer requires early detection through Pap smear cytology, but its diagnostic accuracy in health facilities with limited resources is often hampered by the variability of preparation quality due to fixation. This study aims to optimize the duration of 96% alcohol fixation on the quality of Pap smear preparations as a basis for developing standard operating procedures (SOPs). The study used a repeated measures experimental design on eight tightly controlled samples to minimize confounding variables, resulting in 24 observations with varying durations of 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Preparation quality was objectively assessed using a structured scoring system based on modified Bethesda criteria that include nuclear morphology, cytoplasmic characteristics, and background clarity. The results showed a statistically significant difference (Friedman test, p = 0.001). A duration of 30 minutes consistently provided optimal results across all samples. Although this is a preliminary study with a limited number of samples, consistent results in the repeated measures design indicate a duration of 30 minutes as the most ideal fixation condition to maintain cell integrity. These findings provide an empirical basis for resource-constrained laboratories to standardize fixation procedures to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Formulasi, Uji Stabilitas Fisik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Biji Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.)

Siti Muliani Julianty, Syarifah Nadia, Azkia Putri Ramud — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) contain secondary metabolites—such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids/terpenoids—that possess potential as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding jackfruit seed ethanolic extract on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cream formulations. Creams were formulated with extract concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Evaluations included phytochemical screening, organoleptic assessment, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, irritation testing, and antioxidant activity analysis using the DPPH method. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/terpenoids in the extract. All formulations produced homogeneous, non-irritating creams with pH, spreadability, and viscosity values that met the physical quality standards for topical preparations. Antioxidant activity increased with higher extract concentrations, evidenced by a decrease in IC50 values from 101.13 µg/mL (FI) to 47.84 µg/mL (FV). Based on antioxidant activity classification, formula FV (10%) fell into the very strong category (IC50 < 50 µg/mL), while the other formulas ranged from moderate to strong. The results demonstrate that the addition of jackfruit seed ethanolic extract enhances antioxidant activity without compromising optimal physical quality, as it achieves a balance between antioxidant efficacy and physical characteristics that meet required standards.

Penapisan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of the bark of Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff., which shows potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of liver damage, and antioxidant activity is widely recognised as one of the key indicators supporting the hepatoprotective potential of medicinal plants. The research methodology employed was a laboratory-based experimental study involving phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, and testing of antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Bark samples were extracted using 96% ethanol via maceration for 3 × 24 hours. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated that the ethanol extract of the bark contained secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins. TLC analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids and steroids in the extract. Antioxidant testing was carried out using various concentrations of the extract, namely 50 μg/mL, 75 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 150 μg/mL, with vitamin C as a control. The antioxidant activity tests showed that an increase in extract concentration was directly proportional to an increase in the percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition. The highest inhibition value was obtained at a concentration of 150 μg/mL, amounting to 62.454%. The results of the linear regression analysis indicated an IC₅₀ value of 94.906 μg/mL, which falls within