Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research

Pemanfaatan Kolagen Tulang Ayam Broiler dalam Sediaan Serum: Nilai SPF, Eritema, Pigmentasi, Kelembapan Kulit

2025-11-09T20:50:47+07:00

Chicken bones (Gallus gallus domestica) are a type of solid waste that contain protein sources in the form of collagen. Collagen is one of the main connective tissue proteins in animals, widely used as a biomedical material, and is effective as an anti-aging agent that helps prevent the appearance of aging signs on the skin. This study aims to determine the potential of broiler chicken bone collagen in serum formulations as a photoprotective, anti-pigmentation, and skin moisturizing agent. The research method used was an in vitro experimental method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Collagen was extracted using NaOH and CH₃COOH 1 M, and serum formulations were prepared with concentrations F1 (1%), F2 (1.5%), F3 (2%), and F4 (2.5%). The SPF value, erythema and pigmentation levels, as well as skin moisture, were then determined. The results of the serum formulation showed physical and chemical stability, indicated by no significant differences before and after the cycling test in organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, and spreadability evaluations. The SPF values of the serum preparations were: F1 (1%) = 2.814999, F2 (1.5%) = 3.287317, F3 (2%) = 4.659954, and F4 (2.5%) = 8.574363. The %Te and %Tp tests showed that F0 (without extract) fell under the “Sunblock <1” category, while F1, F2, F3, and F4 were categorized as “Fast tanning” with values between 45–86. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that chicken bone extract can be formulated into a serum preparation that is physically and chemically stable. The best SPF, %Te, and %Tp values were obtained in the F4 formula, categorized as optimal, with %Te and %Tp values in the fast tanning category. Additionally, the F4 formula increased skin moisture by 5%.

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Formulasi Krim Dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dan Daun Kari (Murraya koenigii L.)

2025-11-09T20:51:04+07:00

The use of medicinal plants as active ingredients in topical formulations has been increasingly explored as a natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a topical cream containing a combination of ethanolic extracts of curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) as a natural antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. The extracts were prepared through maceration using 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing using the well-diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and steroids in both extracts. The antibacterial assay showed that the 1:1 extract combination produced an average inhibition zone of 14.17 mm, classified as strong and exhibiting a partial synergistic effect compared with single extracts. Several oil-in-water (O/W) cream formulations were then developed to determine optimal physical stability. Formula F2 (2:1) demonstrated the best physical stability, with pH 6 ± 0.1, spreadability of ±5 cm, adhesion time >140 seconds, and viscosity of 4500–5000 cP, all meeting the SNI 16-4399-1996 standard. These findings indicate that the 1:1 combination ratio provides the highest antibacterial activity, while the 2:1 ratio yields the most stable physical characteristics, suggesting that both can serve as the basis for developing a safe, stable, and effective natural topical antibacterial cream against Staphylococcus aureus.

Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Batang Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis serta Evaluasi Mutu Fisik Krim

2025-11-19T00:31:15+07:00

Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L) is a wild plant, commonly used as a cooking spice called holat. The stem of balakka is believed to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins that have antibacterial properties. Most previous studies have focused on the fruit and leaves of balakka. On the other hand, Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria are normal flora on human skin that cause infections. The increasing resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics makes it important to find alternative natural antibacterial agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of balakka stem extract and cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria and to evaluate the physical quality of the cream. This study used experimental methodology. The maceration method used ethanol p.a. on 100 g of balakka stem simplisia. The stages included phytochemical screening, cream formulation with concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, and physical quality tests (organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, stability, and irritation). Antibacterial tests were carried out using the agar well diffusion method on extracts and cream preparations. The results showed that 19.30 g of thick extract was obtained, which was positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The resulting cream met physical quality standards, was homogeneous, had an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion type, a pH of 5.3–6.2, was stable, and did not cause irritation. The antibacterial activity of the extract showed inhibition zones of 14.5 mm (100 mg/ml), 11.5 mm (75 mg/ml), and 8.5 mm (50 mg/ml), while the cream showed 5.5 mm (1%), 7.5 mm (2%), and 9.5 mm (3%). Thus, ethanol extract of balakka stems has potential as an antibacterial agent and can be formulated into a safe cream that meets physical quality standards.

Sinergi Ekstrak Buah Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum) Dengan Amoksisilin dan Siprofloksasin Terhadap Bakteri Resisten

2025-11-21T21:34:12+07:00

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health threat, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden due to the reduced effectiveness of infection therapy. One promising strategy to overcome this problem is the combination of antibiotics with natural phytochemical compounds that can enhance antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic potential between the ethanol extract of clove fruits (Syzygium aromaticum) and the antibiotics amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin against resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The study was conducted in vitro, including clove fruit extraction using 70% ethanol, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution, and combination testing using the checkerboard assay to calculate the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. The results showed that clove extract exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC values of 2000 µg/mL against S. aureus and 4000 µg/mL against E. coli. The combination of clove extract with amoxicillin produced a ΣFIC value of 0.25 (strong synergy), while the combination with ciprofloxacin yielded a ΣFIC of 0.50 (additive effect). These findings indicate that phytochemical constituents in clove, particularly eugenol, may enhance bacterial membrane permeability, thereby strengthening antibiotic activity. This study demonstrates the potential of clove extract as a natural adjuvant to improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria. The practical implication of this result is the opportunity to develop phytochemical–antibiotic combination formulations in pharmaceutical dosage forms that are more efficient and sustainable.

Formulasi Sediaan Masker Peel off dari Ekstrak Buah Batok Aceh (Limonia Acidissima L.) Sebagai Pencerah Kulit

2025-11-21T22:01:57+07:00

Batok fruit or known as Limonia acidissima is a fruit commonly found in South and Southeast Asia, with content that has the potential to provide benefits for skin health. Batok fruit contains many antioxidants that can improve skin brightness. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the physical characteristics of peel-off mask preparations to brighten the skin containing Aceh batok fruit extract (Limonia acidissima). The extract was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The mask preparations were made in four formulations: F0 as a base without extract, and F1, F2, and F3 with extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Evaluation of the quality of the preparations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, drying time, and irritation test. The results showed that the addition of the extract affected the color of the preparation from yellow to yellowish brown and gave the extract a distinctive aroma. All formulas were proven safe, with pH values within the physiological range of the skin (6.2-6.4) and did not irritate the panelists' skin. The drying time for all formulas was uniform, at 15 minutes. Formula F3 (30% extract) demonstrated the best spreadability (4.5 cm) compared to the other formulas. However, all formulas showed inhomogeneous results and had adhesion below the ideal standard for topical preparations, which is less than 2 seconds. It was concluded that formula F3 was the most optimal among those tested because it had the best spreadability, did not cause irritation, and improved skin brightness after washing for 1 week. However, further research is needed to improve the homogeneity and adhesion of the formulations.